The Treaty of Kars was signed on October 23, 1921, but its ratification took place in Yerevan on September 11, 1922. This treaty was significant in defining the borders between Turkey and Armenia, following the aftermath of World War I and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. The agreement included provisions for the recognition of the borders and the establishment of relations based on mutual understanding and respect for sovereignty. The signing nations aimed to promote regional peace after a tumultuous period marked by conflicts and territorial misalignments exacerbated by the war. The ratification in Yerevan symbolized a commitment from both nations to move toward a cooperative future, even though underlying tensions between ethnic groups remained prevalent.

In detail, the treaty redefined the territorial boundaries primarily concerning the Eastern Anatolia region and the Republic of Armenia, initially established under the Treaty of Sèvres, which was never fully realized due to geopolitical changes. The Kars Treaty was negotiated amidst a backdrop of Soviet influence in the region, as Armenia was part of the Soviet Republic. This factor played a critical role in the dynamics of the negotiations, as the Turkish government sought to strengthen its influence in the former Ottoman territories while securing its borders against both internal and external threats. Moreover, it also impacted the fate of the displaced populations and the lingering question of their rights in the affected areas.