The Battle of Vilanova took place during one of the crucial phases of the Portuguese Restoration War, which had begun in 1640 after Portugal regained its independence from Spanish rule. The ongoing conflict had deep roots in the dynastic struggles and territorial disputes that characterized the Iberian Peninsula at that time. As both nations vied for dominance, various skirmishes and major battles determined the boundaries and power dynamics of the region.

Fought near the town of Vilanova de Gaia, this battle involved a substantial number of troops from both sides. The Portuguese forces, under command of key leaders, were determined to protect their recently regained sovereignty from Spanish hegemony. The Spanish army, with their trained soldiers and disciplined ranks, aimed to suppress the newfound independence movement that Portuguese rebels had sparked.

The clash became a pivotal moment during the Restoration War as it represented not only a military engagement, but also a symbol of Portuguese resilience in the face of external threats. Both armies were well aware that their success could significantly shift the balance of power in the ongoing conflict, making this confrontation vital for their respective nations' futures.