The Battle of Pavón was a defining moment in the Argentine Civil Wars, held roughly 90 kilometers from Buenos Aires. Tensions had been brewing between Buenos Aires, which had operated effectively as a quasi-independent state under the leadership of Governor Buenos Aires, Manuel de Rosas, and the Argentine Confederation led by General Justo José de Urquiza. The central issues revolved around political control and economic interests, particularly regarding customs revenues and governance. As both sides prepared for conflict, this battle was perceived as not only a clash of military might but also a struggle for Argentina's future political structure.

On the day of the battle, Rosas coordinated his troops strategically, demonstrating his adeptness in military tactics. The forces of the Argentine Confederation, although well-organized, were caught off guard by the surprise and ferocity of the Buenos Aires assault. The engagement saw an array of military maneuvers with cavalry charges and infantry skirmishes that ultimately concluded in a clear victory for Buenos Aires. The defeat for Urquiza was significant as it impacted the political balance, restoring Rosas's grip on power over the Argentine provinces and showcasing Buenos Aires' dominance.

In the aftermath of the battle, the legacy of Pavón reverberated through Argentine politics. The victory enabled Buenos Aires to maintain its strong political and economic positions while further fragmenting the already tenuous alliances within the Confederation. The conflict spurred a series of subsequent disputes and led to a long-standing rivalry that defined Argentine politics for years. The Battle of Pavón, therefore, became not only a military turning point but also a catalyst for the evolving political landscape in the region.