The entry of the Bersaglieri corps into Rome represents a crucial chapter in the Italian unification movement, known as the Risorgimento. This military encounter took place against the backdrop of escalating tensions between the Kingdom of Italy and the Papal States, led by Pope Pius IX. The unification of Italy had been a protracted struggle that began in the early 19th century, involving various leaders, the most notable being Giuseppe Garibaldi and Camillo Benso di Cavour. The Kingdom of Italy sought to consolidate the many fragmented states and territories of Italy under one central authority.

On the morning of September 20, 1870, the Bersaglieri, famed for their distinctive hats and rapid march, launched an assault on the fortifications near Porta Pia, a significant gateway to Rome. After a swift engagement with the Papal troops, who were equipped but outnumbered, the Bersaglieri managed to breach the city walls. The battle, although brief, showcased the effectiveness of the Italian military and the resolve of the government to assert control over Rome.

The capture of Rome symbolized not just a victory in military terms but also a profound transformation in the Italian national identity. With the annexation of the Papal States, Rome was declared the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, solidifying its status as a unified nation-state. This transition marked the end of centuries of papal temporal power and initiated a new era of Italian history with Rome at its center. The event set the stage for future political, social, and cultural developments in Italy.