The Battle of Palikao occurred in a context of rising tensions between Western powers and the Qing Dynasty in China, largely precipitated by issues surrounding trade, diplomatic relations, and the legality of opium. The Second Opium War saw Britain and France allied against China, aiming to expand their trading privileges and enforce their opium trade interests. On September 21, 1860, Anglo-French forces, under the command of notable leaders such as British General Sir James Hope Grant and French General Charles Cousin-Montauban, fiercely attacked Chinese troop positions near the village of Palikao. The battle highlighted the tactical and technological advantages of the Western armies, as they deployed artillery and rifle-fire with devastating effectiveness against the less organized Chinese forces. The Qing military, struggling with communication and coordination, could not withstand the pressure during this encounter. Facing heavy losses, the Chinese troops were ultimately forced to retreat, leading to the Anglo-French forces advancing towards Beijing. The implications of the battle were profound, as it not only marked a decisive military victory for the foreigners but also symbolized a turning point in Chinese sovereignty and led to the weakening of the Qing Dynasty. The following capture of the summer palace in Beijing by the allied forces led to the imposition of harsh terms in the subsequent Treaty of Tianjin, which extensively favored the Western powers at the expense of Chinese autonomy and dignity.