Armenia's declaration of independence marks a pivotal moment in the region’s history, driven by aspirations for self-determination and national identity. In the early 1990s, as the Soviet Union faced economic decline and political instability, Armenia, alongside other Soviet republics, began voicing its desire for independence. On September 21, 1991, following a nationwide referendum held on September 16, the Armenian parliament officially declared independence from the Soviet Union after approximately 99% of voters in favor of the move. The referendum highlighted a strong popular mandate for establishing a sovereign Armenian state.

The declaration was significant not only for Armenia but also as a reflection of the rising tide of nationalism within the Soviet Union. It coincided with similar movements across other republics, leading to the eventual dissolution of the Soviet Union later in December 1991. For Armenia, the path to independence was woven with challenges, including struggles to establish a stable government and the need to address conflicts arising from ethnic tensions, particularly with neighboring Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh.

Following the declaration, Armenia faced immediate challenges, including economic difficulties and security threats from Azerbaijan. The period was marked by efforts to build national institutions, enforce sovereignty, and ensure territorial integrity. On the international front, Armenia sought recognition and support from the global community while maneuvering through a landscape changed by the collapse of Soviet power.