Italy's declaration of war on the Ottoman Empire stemmed from rising nationalist sentiments and a desire for territorial expansion in North Africa. Throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, European powers were engaged in a race for colonies, and Italy sought to establish itself as a significant player in this imperial contest. The focus was primarily on Libya, a territory under Ottoman control, which Italy viewed as strategically important due to its proximity to Sicily and as a gateway to further expansion in the Mediterranean region.

The official declaration of war was made by Italy on September 29, 1911, after months of increasing tensions and diplomatic maneuvers. Italy's military strategy involved swift naval operations and land incursions into Libyan cities, with the aim of quick victories to consolidate control. The Italian Navy played a crucial role in securing a tactical advantage, blockading Ottoman ports and ensuring supply lines for troops.

As the conflict progressed, it escalated into a drawn-out campaign in which Italian forces faced both organized resistance from local tribes and remnants of the Ottoman military. The war featured significant battles, including the Siege of Tripoli, where Italian troops managed to capture the Libyan capital, marking a pivotal moment in their colonial ambitions. The ensuing military engagements led to the eventual annexation of Libya by Italy, changing the dynamics of Italian foreign policy and its role as a colonial power.