The death of Oliver Cromwell on September 3, 1658, marked the end of a significant era in English politics. Cromwell had served as the Lord Protector since 1653, following the English Civil War, and was a central figure in the establishment of the Commonwealth. His leadership was characterized by his Puritan beliefs and the implementation of a somewhat authoritarian regime. While Cromwell's policies were often controversial, he gained respect as a military leader and statesman.

Upon Cromwell’s death, the mantle of leadership was passed to his eldest son, Richard Cromwell, who was relatively inexperienced in the political arena. Richard had been actively involved in government affairs, but his capabilities were immediately questioned following his father's death. There was uncertainty in the air regarding whether Richard could command the respect and authority necessary to govern effectively.

The transition of power led to challenges on multiple fronts, including military pressures and complaints from Parliament regarding Richard’s leadership style. Consequently, discontent grew among the army and key political figures, signaling potential instability within the Commonwealth government. This change was central to the decline of the Protectorate, eventually resulting in the collapse of the Cromwellian regime just a few years later as Richard Cromwell could not withstand the political pressures that arose, leading to his resignation in 1659.