During his second voyage to the Pacific, Captain James Cook set out with the goal of exploring and mapping uncharted territories, driven by the scientific curiosity of the age. Aboard HMS Resolution, Cook navigated through various islands and waters, seeking to understand the intricacies of the Pacific region. On September 4, he became the first European to sight New Caledonia, a group of islands located to the east of Australia. The sighting occurred at around 4 PM as Cook and his crew observed the land from a distance.

As they approached the southern part of the island, Cook noted the dramatic topography characterized by steep mountains and lush vegetation, which piqued both the crew's curiosity and Cook's sense of discovery. He was particularly intrigued by the natural resources that the land promised, as well as the potential for future British colonization. The name 'New Caledonia' was eventually chosen by Cook, inspired by the landscapes resembling Scotland, particularly the Highlands.

Cook conducted brief explorations along the coastline, recording his observations and interactions with local inhabitants. While initial contact highlighted the vast differences in culture, the potential for exploitation and colonization was clear. This sighting would unlock further European interest in the region, which ultimately led to later colonization efforts, exploitation of resources, and profound changes to the indigenous peoples of New Caledonia. Cook's meticulous notes detailed his findings, contributing significantly to the geographic knowledge of the Pacific and enhancing Britain's maritime ambitions.