The Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, also known as ILO Convention No. 169, was a pivotal document adopted by the International Labour Organization in 1989. Its purpose is to promote and safeguard the rights of indigenous and tribal peoples, recognizing their unique cultures, identities, and contributions to society. The convention emphasizes the importance of self-determination, requiring governments to consult and cooperate with these communities when making decisions that impact their rights and lands. After a period of ratification by member states, the convention officially came into force in 1991, marking a historic moment for indigenous rights on a global scale.

This moment was celebrated by indigenous groups worldwide, as it provided them with legal grounds to claim their rights and assert their voices within national and international frameworks. The convention outlines specific provisions regarding land rights, cultural preservation, and access to education, encouraging states to implement these principles into their laws and practices. By highlighting the need for consultation and cooperation with indigenous peoples, the convention serves as a roadmap for governments and organizations engaged in indigenous affairs, underlining the importance of their active participation.

Furthermore, the convention encourages states to recognize the organizational structures of indigenous peoples, promoting their autonomy and allowing them to define their development strategies. This empowerment is crucial for preserving their cultural heritage and addressing socio-economic inequalities they often face. The adoption and enforcement of this convention exemplify a broader movement towards respecting and integrating indigenous rights within national and international law, fostering a more inclusive approach to governance.