The military coup against Hipólito Yrigoyen occurred amidst a climate of political instability in Argentina, exacerbated by economic difficulties caused by the Great Depression. Yrigoyen, representing the Radical Civic Union, had been re-elected in 1928, promising social reforms and modernization. However, his tenure faced mounting criticism from conservative groups and the military, which were dissatisfied with his progressive policies and the growing influence of leftist ideologies. By 1930, discontent was palpable, and the political landscape was rife with unrest.

On September 6, General José Félix Uriburu, a prominent military figure, initiated the coup. With the support of various soldiers and conservative factions, Uriburu's troops occupied key government buildings in Buenos Aires. Yrigoyen was captured and forced to resign, effectively ending his presidency. The coup was surprisingly swift, leading to Uriburu establishing a provisional government that abolished Congress and curtailed civil liberties.

During Uriburu's rule, the government promoted a nationalist agenda, seeking to align Argentina closer to European powers while suppressing dissent. The political atmosphere became increasingly repressive, setting a precedent for future military interventions in Argentinian politics. This period is often seen as the beginning of a series of authoritarian regimes that would dominate Argentine governance for years to come, establishing a troubling legacy for democracy in the nation.