During a Shabbat service at the Neve Shalom Synagogue in Istanbul, Turkey, two armed terrorists associated with the Abu Nidal Organization infiltrated the congregation. The attack began in the late morning as worshippers gathered for prayer. The terrorists unleashed a violent barrage on the attendees, killing 22 individuals and injuring several others. Among the victims were men, women, and children, highlighting the indiscriminate nature of the assault. The assailants, known for their radical ideology opposing Zionism and engaging in international terrorism, had a specific goal of targeting Jewish people wherever they resided. The attack lasted only minutes but left a profound impact on the Jewish community in Istanbul and around the world.

This incident was part of a broader wave of anti-Semitic attacks and unrest throughout the Middle East and beyond during the 1980s. The event not only showcased the persistent threat of terrorism faced by Jewish populations but also drew international condemnation, significantly impacting Turkey's relations with Israel and other nations. It emphasized the urgent need for enhanced security measures for vulnerable communities, as well as leading to increased global awareness of the volatile situation faced by Jews living in majority-Muslim countries.

In the aftermath, the Turkish government was prompted to strengthen security around Jewish sites and communities throughout Turkey. The attack further galvanized international Jewish organizations to call for the protection of Jewish institutions worldwide, marking a significant moment in the ongoing struggle against anti-Semitism and terrorism.