The independence of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania was officially recognized by the Soviet Union, which had previously maintained strict control over these Baltic states since their incorporation into the USSR during World War II. The recognition followed a series of dramatic events, including the Baltic Way in August 1989, where approximately two million people formed a human chain across the three countries to demonstrate their unity and desire for freedom. Estonia's declaration of independence in February 1990 was soon followed by similar declarations from Latvia and Lithuania. These developments were in line with growing nationalist sentiments and movements throughout the Soviet Union, as various republics sought autonomy from Moscow's grasp.

In light of increasing pressures both from within these territories and internationally, the Soviet leadership under Mikhail Gorbachev began to reassess its grip on the Baltic states. By September 1991, an earlier coup attempt in Moscow had weakened Gorbachev's position, leading to a shift in policy regarding Baltic independence. The decision was also influenced by a strong commitment from the Baltic leaders, who worked tirelessly to gain international support and legitimacy for their claims of sovereignty.

The recognition of independence not only symbolized the weakening of Soviet power but also served as a precursor to the eventual dissolution of the Soviet Union itself in December of the same year. The event transformed the geopolitical landscape of Eastern Europe and set a foundation for future relations between the newly independent Baltic states and Russia, as well as their integration into European and NATO structures in the following years.