The election of Stanisław August Poniatowski as the last ruler of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1764 was a pivotal moment in Polish history. Poniatowski, a former lover of Empress Catherine II, was heavily supported by Russia, reflecting the increasing influence of foreign powers over Polish affairs. The election took place at a time when the Commonwealth faced internal turmoil and external pressures, particularly from its more powerful neighbors, including Austria and Prussia.

Poniatowski's election was marked by significant opposition from various factions within the country. The Confederation of Radom, which opposed Russian intervention, sought to ensure a more autonomous and patriotic leadership for Poland. However, their efforts were largely unsuccessful, as Poniatowski's candidacy won favor among the electorate, demonstrating the political landscape's vulnerability to outside influence. His reign was characterized by attempts at reform and modernization, but the inherent instability and reliance on Russia would ultimately lead to further disintegration of Polish sovereignty.

During his reign, Poniatowski pursued a number of reforms aimed at strengthening the Commonwealth and promoting a constitutional monarchy. He convened the Four-Year Sejm to enact significant legislative changes and attempted to better the military and economy. Despite these efforts, the political situation continued to deteriorate, leading to the partitions of Poland at the end of the 18th century. Poniatowski's rule thus evokes both the aspirations for reform and the tragedy of foreign domination that defined this era in Polish history.