Born in 1635
Roger de Piles
A prominent French painter, engraver, and art critic, expertise in color theory and aesthetics distinguished this individual in the art world. Engaged in the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture, contributions included numerous publications that addressed color and its application in art. The work "Cours de Peinture par Principes" provided critical insights into color usage. Diplomatic roles were undertaken, serving as a key figure in France's artistic representation abroad. Overall, the career encapsulated both artistic and critical dimensions, influencing the understanding of color in painting.
Continue ReadingFrancis Willughby
An English ornithologist and ichthyologist, contributed significantly to the study of birds and fish. His major work, 'Ornithology,' co-authored with John Ray, provided a foundational framework for the classification and anatomy of birds. This work clearly detailed various species, established morphological classifications, and advanced the scientific community's understanding of avian biology. Willughby also published 'Historia Piscium,' which focused on the study of fish and established guidelines for the classification of aquatic species. His systematic approaches laid groundwork for future studies in both ornithology and ichthyology.
Continue ReadingFrançoise d'Aubigné
Born into a modest family, entered the service of the future king of France as a lady-in-waiting. Became the second wife of Louis XIV after a long relationship, largely hidden from court life. Established a prominent position within the royal court, wielding influence over the king's decisions, particularly in religious matters. Established the Saint-Cyr school for poor girls, promoting education and moral discipline. Strived to reconcile the king's policies with the Jansenist movement, reflecting her strong religious convictions.
Continue ReadingMariana of Austria
Mariana served as the queen consort of Spain from 1649 until her husband's death in 1665. Born in Austria, she married King Philip IV of Spain. Following the death of Philip IV, she acted as regent for her son, Charles II, during his minority. Her reign coincided with significant political and economic challenges for Spain, including conflicts and the decline of its empire.
Continue ReadingKöprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha
Served as the 110th Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, overseeing military campaigns and administrative reforms. Took office in 1661 and worked to stabilize the empire during a period of military defeats and internal strife. Implemented significant military reforms and played a vital role in the expansion of the empire’s territories. Led forces in the successful Siege of Candia, which lasted for over two decades, ultimately strengthening Ottoman control in Crete. Contributed to the revitalization of the empire’s governance and military structure.
Continue ReadingPhilipp Spener
A theologian and author in 17th century Germany, contributed significantly to the early Pietist movement. Advocated for a more personal and experiential approach to Christianity. Published the influential work 'Pia Desideria' in 1675, which called for spiritual renewal in the church and emphasized the importance of personal faith and practical piety. Established the first Collegium Pietatis, fostering informal gatherings for prayer and Bible study, promoting a sense of community among believers. His ideas inspired many followers and influenced Protestant theology in Europe.
Continue ReadingThomas Sprat
Served as the Bishop of Rochester and was a significant figure in the Royal Society of London. Contributed to the development of early scientific discourse through the promotion of the scientific method. Authored 'The History of the Royal Society', which documented the organization’s formation and activities, helping to establish a framework for modern science. Engaged in theological writings and debates, influencing both ecclesiastical and scholarly thought in 17th century England.
Continue ReadingPatrick Gordon
Served in the Russian army and rose to the rank of general. Participated in key military campaigns under Tsar Alexei I. Played a significant role in the Russian military expansion during the 17th century, contributing to the development of a modernized army. His military strategies and leadership were instrumental in various battles against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Crimean Tatars. His legacy includes influencing early Russian military practices and integration of Western tactics.
Continue ReadingHans Albrecht von Barfus
Served as a field marshal in the Prussian army and held significant political influence during a tumultuous period in German history. Participated in military campaigns and governance, contributing to the organization and strength of the Prussian state. Engaged in strategic military operations and played a key role in political negotiations, shaping the direction of the Prussian military and administrative policies. His contributions during the late 17th century helped solidify the foundations for Prussia's emergence as a major European power.
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