Dōgen Zenji

Established the Sōtō school of Zen Buddhism in Japan during the 13th century. Studied Buddhism in China before returning to Japan, where he emphasized direct experience and the practice of zazen. Compiled teachings and essays in the work 'Shōbōgenzō', which explored Zen philosophy and practice, earning recognition as a significant Buddhist text. Dōgen's approach integrated elements of mindfulness and meditation, shaping the practices of Zen followers.

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Gruffydd ap Llywelyn Fawr

A prominent Welsh noble, Gruffydd ap Llywelyn Fawr held the title of Prince of Gwynedd during the early 13th century. He was the son of Llywelyn the Great and played a crucial role in the politics of Wales. After his brother's death, Gruffydd asserted his claim to succeed as ruler. His reign was marked by struggles against both English and internal rivalries in Wales. As a significant Welsh leader, he sought to unify the Welsh principalities against external threats. Gruffydd was involved in several conflicts, including skirmishes with nobles who challenged his authority, ultimately culminating in his death in 1244.

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Hugh of Saint-Cher

Served as a cardinal and played a significant role in the Catholic Church during the 13th century. Enormously influential in the development of biblical exegesis, his work on the Bible provided a structured approach to the interpretation of scripture. Participated actively in church councils and was involved in the politics of the church. Also contributed to the establishment of the Mendicant orders, promoting the study and preaching of the Gospel. His leadership in the church helped shape theological thought during a critical period.

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Dōgen

A prominent Japanese monk and philosopher, played a key role in the establishment of the Soto school of Zen Buddhism in Japan. Founded the Eihei-ji temple, which remains a significant center for Zen practice. Authored various influential texts, notably 'Shobogenzo', a collection of writings that delve into Zen teachings and practice. His teachings emphasized the importance of zazen, or seated meditation, as a fundamental practice for realizing enlightenment.

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