What Happened This Year 1431

Historical Events from This Year 1431

Crime & Law

Trial of Joan of Arc Commences in Rouen

January 9th, 1431 594 years ago

The trial of Joan of Arc began in Rouen, facing charges of heresy and cross-dressing. This moment marked a pivotal point in her life, stemming from her role in the Hundred Years' War, where she claimed divine guidance for France's liberation. The English authorities aimed to discredit her influence and undermine the French morale, using this trial as a political weapon. In the court, she was interrogated about her visions and the clothing she wore, which was deemed unacceptable for a woman. Joan staunchly defended herself, asserting her faith and the divine messages she received.

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Politics & Government

Joan of Arc Executed in Rouen, France

May 30th, 1431 593 years ago

In Rouen, France, the 19-year-old Joan of Arc was executed by burning at the stake. She had previously led French troops during the Hundred Years' War, claiming divine guidance. Accused of heresy by an English-dominated tribunal, her trial included charges of witchcraft and cross-dressing. Her execution was meant to discredit her legacy and support English claims over France.

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Military & Warfare

Castilian Forces Clash at La Higueruela

July 1st, 1431 593 years ago

In a strategic encounter, Castilian troops engaged forces from the Kingdom of Granada at La Higueruela, achieving a modest territorial gain in the ongoing Reconquista. The battle was marked by tactical maneuvers led by the Castilian commander, Don Juan de Córdoba, who aimed to press forward against the Muslim territories still under Granada's influence. Despite fierce resistance from the Granadan defenders, the clash ultimately resulted in a temporary advantage for Castile in their quest to expand their influence in southern Spain. The engagements at La Higueruela were part of the broader military efforts during the Reconquista, which aimed at reclaiming the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rule.

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Military & Warfare

Hungarians Triumph Over Hussite Forces

November 9th, 1431 593 years ago

In September 1431, Hungarian forces clashed with the Hussite army at Ilava. The battle marked a significant victory for the Hungarians under the command of their military leadership. The engagement highlighted the ongoing conflicts involving the Hussite movement, which sought to reform the Czech church and society during a period of religious turmoil. The terrain and strategic maneuvers played pivotal roles in altering the course of the confrontation, leading to a decisive Hungarian triumph that reinforced their territorial and political ambitions.

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Politics & Government

Henry VI of England crowned King of France

December 16th, 1431 593 years ago

Henry VI of England was crowned King of France at Notre Dame in Paris, a significant event in the context of the Hundred Years' War. The coronation underscored England's claim to the French throne amid the ongoing conflict. French forces had suffered setbacks, and this dramatic ceremony was intended to solidify the English position in France and bolster morale among supporters. It also illustrated the complexities of French and English politics, particularly in rallying factions behind Henry's claim to the French crown.

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Born in 1431

Pope Alexander VI

Pope during the Renaissance period
Born
January 1st, 1431 594 years ago
Died
August 18th, 1503 521 years ago — 72 years old

Elected as pope in 1492, presided over the papacy during a significant period of the Renaissance. Engaged in political maneuvers, including the promotion of his children within the powerful Borgia family. Initiated the construction of St. Peter's Basilica and commissioned several artistic projects, including those in the Vatican. His papacy faced numerous controversies, particularly regarding corruption and nepotism, leading to a complex legacy in the context of church history.

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Ercole I d'Este

Duke of Ferrara, notable politician
Born
October 26th, 1431 593 years ago
Died
1505 520 years ago — 74 years old

Ruled as Duke of Ferrara from 1471 until 1505. Fostered cultural and economic development in Ferrara, contributing to its prominence during the Renaissance. Established the University of Ferrara in 1442, enhancing the city’s status as a center of learning. Expanded the territory and influence of the d'Este family through strategic marriages and political alliances.

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William Elphinstone

Scottish bishop, founder of Aberdeen University
Born
1431 594 years ago
Died
October 25th, 1514 510 years ago — 83 years old

A Scottish bishop and academic played a pivotal role in the establishment of the University of Aberdeen in 1495. Elphinstone served as the bishop of Aberdeen and was instrumental in promoting education and clerical reform during his tenure. He was well-regarded for his efforts to improve the religious and educational landscape of Scotland in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. Elphinstone's contributions included overseeing the university's initial charter and nurturing its development as a center of learning. His influence extended beyond education, contributing to the administrative and spiritual life of the diocese.

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Andrea Mantegna

Italian Painter and Engraver
Born
1431 594 years ago
Died
September 13th, 1506 518 years ago — 75 years old

Active during the Italian Renaissance, an artist created works that showcased a mastery of perspective, dramatic compositions, and classical themes. Contributions included significant frescoes in the Ducal Palace in Mantua, such as the famous Camera degli Sposi. Innovations in the use of chiaroscuro and the representation of three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface were prominent in his approach. The artist's engravings expanded the medium, influencing future printmakers and artists. His style fused elements of classical antiquity with emerging Renaissance sensibilities.

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People Who Died in 1431

Pope Martin V

Pope and leader of the Catholic Church
Born
1368 657 years ago
Died
February 20th, 1431 594 years ago — 63 years old

Served as Pope from 1417 until death in 1431. Played a crucial role in ending the Western Schism, which had divided the Catholic Church for nearly four decades. Convened the Council of Constance, which sought to address various church disputes and improve ecclesiastical practices. Focused on the restoration of the papacy's authority in Rome and worked to mend divisions within the church.

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Nuno Álvares Pereira

Portuguese general and military leader
Born
June 24th, 1360 664 years ago
Died
April 1st, 1431 593 years ago — 70 years old

Served as a prominent general during the Portuguese crisis of 1383-1385, leading forces to victory against Castilian forces at the Battle of Aljubarrota in 1385. Played a crucial role in establishing Portuguese independence. His military strategies and leadership contributed to the consolidation of the kingdom during a turbulent period. He also became a revered figure in Portuguese history, remembered for skillful tactics and dedication to the crown.

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Joan of Arc

French military leader and saint
Born
January 6th, 1412 613 years ago
Died
May 30th, 1431 593 years ago — 19 years old

Born in 1412, a peasant girl claimed to have received visions from saints instructing her to support Charles VII during the Hundred Years' War. Successfully led French forces to lift the siege of Orléans in 1429, an event pivotal in turning the tide of the war. Later facilitated the coronation of Charles VII at Reims, solidifying his claim to the throne. Captured by Burgundian allies of the English in 1430, tried for heresy, and burned at the stake in 1431. Canonized by the Catholic Church in 1920.

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Jadwiga of Lithuania

Polish monarch and queen regnant
Born
April 8th, 1408 616 years ago
Died
1431 594 years ago — 23 years old

Ascended the throne of Poland in 1384 as a young monarch. Played a pivotal role in the Polish-Lithuanian union, strengthening the ties between the two nations. Focused on consolidating the monarchy and promoting Christianity. Her reign marked significant cultural and political developments in Poland. Renowned for her efforts in education and founding universities, especially the establishment of the Jagiellonian University. Died in 1399, leaving a lasting legacy.

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