What Happened This Year 1591

Historical Events from This Year 1591

Crime & Law

Execution of Agnes Sampson for Witchcraft

January 28th, 1591 434 years ago

Agnes Sampson, an alleged witch, was executed in Edinburgh after a trial that showcased the intense fears of witchcraft in Scotland. Accused of causing harm through sorcery, she faced severe torture. Her execution marked a significant episode in the witch hunts of the late 16th century, reflecting the societal panic over witchcraft fueled by both local beliefs and royal decrees. Sampson's trial involved testimonies from supposed victims and peers, revealing the absolute terror of the time.

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Military & Warfare

Moroccan Forces Defeat Songhai at Tondibi

March 13th, 1591 434 years ago

In a stunning military encounter, Moroccan forces under Judar Pasha decisively defeated the Songhai Empire at the Battle of Tondibi in Mali. The Moroccans, significantly outnumbered—estimates suggest a ratio of at least five to one—employed superior tactics and military technology to secure a victory that would change the region's power dynamics. This battle marked a significant moment in the struggle for control over West African trade routes and the influence of the Saadi dynasty.

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Military & Warfare

Anglo-Dutch triumph near Nijmegen

July 25th, 1591 433 years ago

An Anglo-Dutch force led by Maurice of Orange defeated the Duke of Parma’s army near Nijmegen. This battle significantly weakened Spanish control in the region during the Eighty Years' War, showcasing the military prowess of the Dutch forces. The victory solidified Maurice’s reputation as a capable military leader.

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Born in 1591 (View all 19)

William Cecil

Politician and Westminster Statesman
Born
September 13th, 1521 503 years ago
Died
December 3rd, 1668 356 years ago — 147 years old

Served as a significant statesman during the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I. Held the title of 2nd Earl of Salisbury and acted as the principal secretary to the queen. Played a crucial role in the administration, particularly in matters regarding foreign affairs and domestic policy. Promoted stability in England during a period of political complexity. Maintained close relationships with influential political figures and demonstrated strategic acumen in governance.

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Robert Devereux

English general and politician
Born
January 11th, 1591 434 years ago
Died
September 14th, 1646 378 years ago — 55 years old

Served as the 3rd Earl of Essex and was a prominent figure in 17th century England. Participated in military campaigns during the Nine Years' War. Held the position of Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire. Engaged in political affairs and was involved in the governance of military forces under the English crown.

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Jusepe de Ribera

Spanish Baroque painter and printmaker
Born
January 12th, 1591 434 years ago
Died
1652 373 years ago — 61 years old

Born in 1591, a prominent painter of the Baroque period, specializing in dramatic realism and intense emotionality in his works. Relocated to Italy, where the majority of career was spent, influenced by both Caravaggio and the Spanish tradition. Created notable works including religious paintings and portraits. Worked extensively with chiaroscuro techniques, highlighted human figures and emotional depth. Served as the leading figure in the Neapolitan School of painting, shaping its direction and focus on naturalism.

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Franciscus Junius

German pioneer philologist
Born
January 29th, 1591 434 years ago
Died
1677 348 years ago — 86 years old

A prominent figure in the development of philology, contributions focused on the study of languages and ancient texts. Authored significant works that advanced linguistic understanding, particularly in the area of Old English. His research on historical linguistics set a foundation for future studies in the field and influenced both grammar and lexicography. Actively engaged in the interpretation of texts and made essential contributions to the understanding of Gothic language.

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Guercino

Italian painter of Baroque era
Born
February 8th, 1591 434 years ago
Died
December 22nd, 1666 358 years ago — 75 years old

A prominent Baroque painter, recognized for mastery of light and shadow. Created numerous significant works, achieving acclaim for naturalistic and emotive depictions. Established a successful workshop, influencing many artists in the region. His dynamic compositions and innovative use of foreshortening marked a pivotal shift in painting styles during the 17th century. Notable works include 'The Calling of Saint Matthew' and 'The Aurora,' showcasing dramatic use of chiaroscuro. Remained active until death in 1666, leaving a rich legacy in the world of art.

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Friedrich Spee

German poet and author of spiritual works
Born
February 25th, 1591 434 years ago
Died
August 7th, 1635 389 years ago — 44 years old

Born in 1591, a poet and author engaged with the theological debates of the time. Associated with the Jesuit order, he wrote on the subjects of morality and faith. His most recognized work, 'Cautio Criminalis', critiques the witch trials and emphasizes justice and humane treatment. The work was significant in the discourse surrounding witch hunts and legal practices in early modern Europe.

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People Who Died in 1591 (View all 16)

Sen no Rikyū

Japanese tea ceremony exponent
Born
1522 503 years ago
Died
April 21st, 1591 433 years ago — 69 years old

An influential figure in Japanese culture, shaped the tea ceremony into a highly regarded art form. Established principles of simplicity and naturalness in tea practices, emphasizing aesthetics and spiritual experience. Developed the concept of wabi-sabi, which aligns beauty with imperfection and transience. His teachings and style permeated the practices of future generations, profoundly influencing Japanese aesthetics and culture. Contributed to the creation of tea houses that reflect inner harmony and tranquility essential to the tea ceremony experience.

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Aloysius Gonzaga

Italian saint and Jesuit novice
Born
March 9th, 1568 457 years ago
Died
June 21st, 1591 433 years ago — 23 years old

Aloysius Gonzaga joined the Society of Jesus and became a novice at the age of 17. He dedicated his life to religious service and education, displaying deep piety and commitment to the Catholic faith. He is often associated with selfless acts of service, particularly in caring for victims of the plague in Rome. His life was marked by a strong sense of morality and dedication to the teachings of Jesus. Gonzaga died at a young age but was recognized for his virtue and ultimately canonized as a saint by the Catholic Church.

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Vincenzo Galilei

Italian lute player and composer
Born
1520 505 years ago
Died
July 2nd, 1591 433 years ago — 71 years old

Significant contributions to music theory and experimentation with musical acoustics occurred. Composed prominent works for the lute and established a strong foundation for the development of opera. Wrote influential treatises that analyzed music's mathematical aspects, helping to bridge the gap between science and the arts.

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Jacobus Gallus

Slovenian composer of Renaissance music
Born
July 3rd, 1550 474 years ago
Died
July 18th, 1591 433 years ago — 41 years old

Born in 1550, this Slovenian composer contributed significantly to the development of polyphonic music during the Renaissance. His works primarily consist of sacred choral music, influencing musical styles in Central Europe. He spent a significant part of his career in Vienna and was associated with the Court Chapel. His compositions were widely performed in choral settings. The composer also published several volumes of motets and songs, which were important in establishing the musical practices of his time.

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Luis de León

Spanish poet and academic
Born
1527 498 years ago
Died
August 23rd, 1591 433 years ago — 64 years old

A prominent figure of the Spanish Renaissance, this individual contributed significantly to poetry and academia. Involved with the University of Salamanca, this scholar taught theology and engaged deeply with literature. His poetry often reflected themes of spirituality and nature, drawing from both classical influences and personal experience. Imprisoned for several years due to religious conflicts, this individual resumed academic and poetic work after release, creating lasting works that resonate with literary traditions. The influence extended beyond poetry into broader cultural discussions of the period.

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Richard Grenville

English captain and explorer
Born
June 15th, 1542 482 years ago
Died
September 10th, 1591 433 years ago — 49 years old

A prominent English captain and explorer, contributed to the early attempts at colonization in North America. Commanded the supply ship Tiger to the Roanoke Colony in 1585, which was one of the first English attempts to establish a permanent settlement. Notable for participation in naval battles and for his role in the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588. His explorations contributed to the mapping and understanding of the Americas during the Elizabethan era.

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