Historical Events from This Year 1822
Dom Pedro I declares Brazil's independence
Dom Pedro I proclaimed Brazil's independence at Ipiranga, São Paulo, in a decisive moment that marked the end of colonial rule by Portugal. Amid rising tensions and demands for autonomy, he famously declared 'Independência ou Morte!' ('Independence or Death!'). This event symbolized the aspirations of Brazilians seeking freedom and self-governance and set the stage for the establishment of the Empire of Brazil.
Continue ReadingFresnel Reports on Birefringence Experiment
In a note presented to the Academy of Sciences, Augustin-Jean Fresnel discusses a direct refraction experiment that verifies David Brewster's hypothesis regarding photoelasticity. This phenomenon, now recognized as stress-induced birefringence, showcases how materials change optical properties under stress. Fresnel's findings contribute to the understanding of light behavior in different media, marking a significant advancement in optics.
Continue ReadingChampollion Declares Deciphering of Rosetta Stone
Jean-François Champollion presented his findings to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres in France, announcing the successful deciphering of Egyptian hieroglyphs on the Rosetta Stone. This stone, discovered in 1799, provided the key to understanding ancient Egyptian writing, which had been a mystery for centuries. Champollion's work highlighted the importance of linguistic and historical research in unraveling the complexities of ancient civilizations.
Continue ReadingPedro I of Brazil becomes Emperor
Pedro I was proclaimed Emperor of Brazil following a series of political events that led to the country's independence from Portugal. After a period of tension between Brazilian nationalists and Portuguese loyalists, Pedro I officially declared Brazil's independence in September 1822. The formal declaration of his emperorship followed on October 12, marking the transition from a struggle for autonomy to a constitutional monarchy with Pedro at its helm. This move was pivotal in solidifying Brazil's national identity.
Continue ReadingSiege of Missolonghi Begins
The First Siege of Missolonghi commenced as Greek forces, led by prominent leaders like Georgios Karaiskakis, attempted to defend the strategically vital town against the Ottoman Empire. This siege marked a significant moment in the Greek War of Independence, emphasizing the struggle for control over key territories. The town's defenders, numbering around 10,000, faced an Ottoman siege force of approximately 30,000, leading to intense skirmishes throughout the months. The residents and soldiers prepared for a grueling contest, showcasing resilience and determination amid overwhelming odds.
Continue ReadingAgustín de Iturbide Attempts to Dissolve Congress
Agustín de Iturbide, the Emperor of Mexico, attempted to dissolve the Congress of the Mexican Empire. This move was seen as an effort to consolidate power and limit the legislative body's authority. The Congress, established to represent the interests of the newly formed empire, faced significant opposition to Iturbide's autocratic measures. Political tension between the monarchy and Congress reached a boiling point as Iturbide pushed for greater control over governance.
Continue ReadingWilliam Becknell Reaches Santa Fe, New Mexico
William Becknell, an American trader from Missouri, successfully arrived in Santa Fe, New Mexico, after navigating a challenging route that would later be known as the Santa Fe Trail. This journey marked the beginning of a significant trade route between Missouri and Santa Fe, facilitating commerce and cultural exchange. Becknell's expedition was spurred by the desire for economic opportunities and the exploration of new markets in the Southwest.
Continue ReadingPedro I crowned as Emperor of Brazil
Pedro I was crowned Emperor of Brazil in Rio de Janeiro, marking the official establishment of the Empire of Brazil. This significant ceremony took place in the Praça da Aclamação, attended by numerous dignitaries and citizens. Following Brazil's declaration of independence from Portugal earlier that year, the crowning solidified Pedro's role as the country's leader and symbolized a new era of governance. The event was marked by elaborate celebrations, reflecting the aspirations of a young nation seeking its identity and sovereignty.
Continue ReadingFresnel Defines Polarization Concepts
Augustin-Jean Fresnel presented a memoir to the Academy of Sciences, where he introduced the terms linear polarization, circular polarization, and elliptical polarization. His thorough investigation included a direct refraction experiment that provided crucial verification of his theory, connecting optical rotation to the concept of birefringence in light. This presentation significantly contributed to the understanding of light's behavior.
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