What Happened This Year 1868
Historical Events from This Year 1868 (View all 38)
Tokugawa Shogunate Abolished, Power Shift in Japan
The Meiji Restoration marked a pivotal moment in Japanese history when agents of the Satsuma and Chōshū domains seized control from the Tokugawa shogunate. This takeover initiated a series of political, social, and economic reforms in Japan, laying the groundwork for modernization and the establishment of a centralized imperial government. The conflict was not merely a power struggle but a profound shift toward a new era, driven by dissatisfaction with the shogunate's isolationist policies and the desire for modernization. Key figures from the Satsuma and Chōshū domains emerged as leaders, advocating for a united Japan able to compete with Western powers.
Continue ReadingBattle of Toba–Fushimi: Tokugawa Defeated
The Battle of Toba–Fushimi marked a significant conflict between the forces of the Tokugawa shogunate and pro-Imperial factions during the Boshin War in Japan. Fought near Kyoto, the battle was initiated by the Imperial army's attempt to regain control from the shogunate, fearing its policies would limit their influence. The engagement rapidly escalated, culminating in a decisive defeat for the shogunate, propelling pro-Imperial sentiments and leading to the eventual Meiji Restoration.
Continue ReadingPro-Imperial Forces Capture Osaka Castle
Pro-imperial forces successfully captured Osaka Castle from the Tokugawa shogunate during the Boshin War. This strategic victory enabled the imperial army to assert control over central Japan. In a decisive move, they set the castle ablaze, symbolizing the end of the shogunate's power and demonstrating the growing strength of the Emperor's supporters. The burning of Osaka Castle marked a significant turning point in the struggle for political dominance in Japan, underscoring the tensions between traditional feudal structures and the push for modernization.
Continue ReadingAndrew Johnson's Impeachment by House Representatives
Andrew Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives due to accusations of violating the Tenure of Office Act. The occasion marked a significant political battle, as the House approved the articles of impeachment, with the dominant faction aiming to limit Johnson's influence during the Reconstruction era. The decision led to a trial in the Senate to determine his fate, where he was ultimately acquitted.
Continue ReadingMefistofele Premieres at La Scala Opera House
Mefistofele, an opera by Arrigo Boito, premiered at La Scala in Milan. The opera is based on Goethe's Faust and explores the themes of good versus evil. The performance featured innovative musical styles and dramatic staging, captivating the audience and expanding the boundaries of Italian opera. Boito's adaptation earned him acclaim as a leading composer of his time, marking a significant moment in the operatic tradition.
Continue ReadingSamurai Clash with French Sailors in Sakai
An altercation in the port of Sakai, Osaka led to a violent confrontation where Japanese samurai killed 11 French sailors. The incident was rooted in misunderstandings and tensions between foreign powers and Japan during the period of rapid modernization and upheaval following the Meiji Restoration. The samurai were reacting to perceived insults and provocations from the sailors, reflecting the complex dynamics of foreign relations during this transformative era.
Continue ReadingBorn in 1868 (View all 124)
S. P. L. Sørensen
Contributed significantly to the field of chemistry, particularly in the development of the pH scale, which quantitatively measures acidity and alkalinity in solutions. Also worked on various aspects of equilibrium and thermodynamics. Published numerous papers in chemistry that provided foundational knowledge for future research in the field. Held positions at various universities, influencing generations of chemists. The pH scale remains a vital tool in chemistry and related sciences.
Continue ReadingCai Yuanpei
A prominent philosopher, academic administrator, and politician, this individual played a significant role in modern Chinese education. As the president of Peking University, efforts focused on promoting academic freedom and reforming the university system in China. Engaging with Western educational practices, contributions included advocating for new cultural and educational movements in early 20th-century China, which facilitated the exchange of ideas between Eastern and Western philosophies. Additionally, involvement in political movements reflected a commitment to the modernization of Chinese society.
Continue ReadingKantarō Suzuki
An admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy, Suzuki served as the 42nd Prime Minister of Japan during the final stages of World War II. Appointed in 1945, he faced significant political challenges and the aftermath of Japan's surrender. Prior to his premiership, Suzuki held various naval commands, contributing to naval operations during the tumultuous years of the war. His leadership coincided with the critical transition of Japan from wartime to post-war recovery.
Continue ReadingFelix Hoffmann
Born in Germany, one of the significant contributions to the field of medicine included the synthesis of acetylsalicylic acid in 1897, leading to the development of aspirin. This compound became widely recognized for its effectiveness as a pain reliever. Hoffmann worked for Bayer, where the commercialization of aspirin took place, revolutionizing pain management treatments. Additionally, Hoffmann contributed to the synthesis of other pharmaceuticals, impacting medical practices in the early 20th century.
Continue ReadingJuventino Rosas
Born in 1868, this musician gained prominence as a violinist and composer, contributing significantly to classical music in Mexico. His work includes the widely recognized waltz 'Sobre las Olas' (Over the Waves), which remains a staple in both classical and popular music repertoires. The composition showcases intricate violin techniques and melodic richness, earning lasting acclaim within the music community. His music often reflects the cultural and social landscape of the era, blending European classical traditions with Mexican influences. Rosas's legacy continued to inspire generations of musicians and composers, solidifying his place in the canon of Mexican classical music.
Continue ReadingTheodore William Richards
An American chemist and academic contributed significantly to physical chemistry and the study of atomic weights. Received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1914 for precise determinations of atomic weights, particularly for the elements iodine and barium. Served as a professor at Harvard University, influencing generations of students and researchers in the field. Authored numerous papers and articles that advanced chemical science.
Continue ReadingPeople Who Died in 1868 (View all 43)
Léon Foucault
Contributed significantly to experimental physics and is recognized for the invention of the Foucault pendulum, demonstrating the Earth's rotation. Conducted experiments in optics, notably measuring the speed of light with an accuracy that improved upon previous efforts. Served as a professor at the Collège de France, influencing the academic landscape of physics in the 19th century.
Continue ReadingLudwig I of Bavaria
Ruled Bavaria from 1825 to 1848, focusing on cultural development, the arts, and infrastructure. Commissioned numerous architectural projects, including the construction of the Bavaria statue and the Feldherrnhalle. Oversaw the establishment of several museums including the Alte Pinakothek in Munich. Promoted education and fostered the growth of the Bavarian economy. Abdicated in 1848 following a wave of uprisings across Europe.
Continue ReadingDavid Wilmot
A prominent politician in the mid-19th century, played a significant role in the politics surrounding the expansion of the United States. Best remembered for introducing the Wilmot Proviso in 1846, which sought to ban slavery in territories acquired from Mexico after the Mexican-American War. This proposal ignited intense debate over slavery and contributed to the sectional conflicts leading up to the Civil War. Served as a U.S. Congressman and later as a U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania, actively engaging in anti-slavery discourse and policy.
Continue ReadingJames Brudenell
Served as a British Army officer during the Crimean War. Achieved the rank of Lieutenant Colonel and commanded the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava in 1854, which included the infamous Charge of the Light Brigade. Inherited the title of 7th Earl of Cardigan in 1868. Engaged in various political roles, advocating for military reform and improvements in soldiers' conditions. His decisions and leadership during the war drew both criticism and acclaim.
Continue ReadingFranz Berwald
A prominent Swedish composer and surgeon, contributed significantly to 19th-century music. Created several important works, including four symphonies and the opera 'Estrella de Soria'. Balancing a career in medicine and music, integrated traditional melodies into his compositions. Despite limited recognition during his lifetime, his works later gained appreciation in the classical music repertoire.
Continue ReadingKarel Purkyně
A Czech painter and art educator contributed significantly to the art scene in the 19th century. Specializing in historical and genre painting, his works often reflected social themes and cultural heritage. Purkyně was also actively involved in art education, influencing future generations of artists. His style merged romanticism with realism, showing a keen interest in nature and human emotion. His talent and dedication led to his recognition in Czech art circles during his lifetime.
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