Al-Biruni

Born in 973 in Persia, this physician and polymath made significant contributions to various fields including astronomy, mathematics, and anthropology. He introduced the concept of determining the earth's radius using measurements of shadow lengths. His work in geography included comprehensive surveys of India, which were compiled in the book 'Kitab al-Hind'. Additionally, he developed methods for measuring the specific gravity of substances and made accurate calculations of time and celestial events. His writings influenced both Islamic and European scholars.

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