Born in 1130
Zhu Xi
Zhu Xi was a Chinese philosopher who played a significant role in developing Neo-Confucianism during the Song Dynasty. Influenced by the teachings of Confucius and earlier thinkers, established a comprehensive philosophical system that integrated metaphysics and ethics. His commentaries on the Four Books, particularly the 'Analects of Confucius', 'Mencius', 'Great Learning', and 'Doctrine of the Mean', became central texts in the Confucian curriculum. This work shaped Confucian education and philosophy for centuries in China and beyond. His ideas emphasized the importance of personal moral cultivation and social responsibility. Zhu Xi's interpretation of metaphysical concepts, such as Li (principle) and Qi (vital energy), provided a framework that influenced later scholars and thinkers.
Continue ReadingStephen Hagiochristophorites
Served as an influential figure at the Byzantine court during the late 12th century. Held the title of protovestiarios, overseeing significant administrative responsibilities. Played a role in the complex political landscape characterized by the reign of Emperor Isaac II Angelos. Involved in various court intrigues and diplomatic affairs, contributing to the governance of the Byzantine Empire. The court's activities during this period reflected the shifting powers within the empire's nobility and external pressures.
Continue ReadingWilliam of Tyre
Served as the Archbishop of Tyre during the 12th century. Provided a detailed historical account of the Crusades through the work 'A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea'. Contributed to the theological and political discourse of the time, influencing views on the Crusades and the Latin East. Actively involved in events of the Crusader states, often providing insight into the conflict between Christian and Muslim forces.
Continue ReadingDaoji
A prominent figure in Chinese Buddhism during the Song Dynasty, this monk contributed significantly to the revival of Chan (Zen) Buddhism. Primarily known for his role in the development of monastic practices and his influence on Zen teachings, he communicated his philosophies through various writings and teachings. His reformist approach emphasized meditation and direct experience over study, attracting many followers to the monastic life. His work is associated with the formulation of guidelines for Buddhist practice, which were pivotal during this period in China.
Continue ReadingEustace IV
Held the title of Count of Boulogne, Eustace IV was a prominent noble in the 12th century. As the son of King Stephen of England, Eustace played a significant role in the political landscape of England and Normandy during a time marked by conflict. Eustace's tenure as count involved participation in military campaigns and management of feudal responsibilities. His involvement in the power struggles of the Plantagenet dynasty was noteworthy, especially during the civil war period known as The Anarchy, contested between his father and Empress Matilda. Eustace IV's life was marked by alliances and rivalries that shaped regional governance.
Continue ReadingGéza II
Became king of Hungary in 1141, ruling until 1162. During reign, strengthened the kingdom's power and authority. Played a significant role in the politics of Central Europe, aligning with other nations and engaging in military campaigns. Notably involved in the Second Crusade, seeking to support the Byzantine Empire and secure the Hungarian borders from external threats.
Continue ReadingBaldwin III of Jerusalem
Ruled as King of Jerusalem from 1143 until 1162. His reign is marked by significant military campaigns against the forces of Saladin. Managed the defense of the Kingdom of Jerusalem during the ongoing conflict in the region. Through diplomatic and military strategies, Baldwin III sought to consolidate power and maintain Christian control over key territories in the Holy Land. His reign ended with his death in 1163, leaving a lasting impact on the future of the Crusader states.
Continue ReadingJocelin of Glasgow
Served as the bishop of Glasgow in the late 12th century. Contributed to the development of the church in Scotland and played a significant role in securing the position of the bishopric. Authored several ecclesiastical texts, including the notable 'Life of Saint Kentigern'. Participated in ecclesiastical assemblies during a period of church reform.
Continue ReadingPope Clement III
Served as pope from 1187 to 1191. Played a significant role in resolving the Investiture Controversy, a conflict between church and state regarding the appointment of church officials. Worked to establish peace among various factions in Italy, particularly between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire. Promoted the First Crusade's initiatives and advocated for the Christian cause in the Holy Land. Held multiple synods to address various church issues, emphasizing reforms and the importance of papal authority.
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