Historical Events from This Year 1685 (View all 7)
James II Proclaimed King After Charles II's Death
James II of England and VII of Scotland was proclaimed king following the death of his brother, Charles II. The proclamation took place in London amidst concerns about succession and religious policies. James's ascension marked a significant moment as he was openly Catholic, which created tensions in the Protestant-dominated England. His reign began amid questions regarding his leadership and future direction for the nation.
Continue ReadingEstablishment of Fort St. Louis in Texas
René-Robert Cavelier established Fort St. Louis at Matagorda Bay as part of France's exploration efforts in North America. This strategic move aimed to claim land for France and challenge Spanish dominance in the region. Cavelier, motivated by the promise of riches and the potential for trade, sought to create a permanent French presence in Texas. The fort served as a base for further explorations and interactions with Native American tribes.
Continue ReadingClash of Rebels and Ottoman Forces
The Battle of Vrtijeljka took place between rebels and Ottoman forces. It was marked by fierce fighting over control of the region. The local rebels aimed to resist Ottoman domination, showcasing their resolve and determination. Vrtijeljka, known for its strategic significance, became a key battleground, highlighting the ongoing conflict between imperial control and local autonomy. This encounter is vital to understanding the dynamics of rebellion against the Ottoman Empire.
Continue ReadingDuke of Monmouth Declares Kingship in Bridgwater
James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, declared himself King of England in Bridgwater as a challenge to King James II. This bold proclamation was part of a wider attempt to seize the throne, leveraging his lineage as the illegitimate son of Charles II. Monmouth's supporters rallied around him, motivated by dissatisfaction with James II's Catholic rule and fears of absolutism. The declaration set the stage for the Monmouth Rebellion, leading to significant political and military confrontations.
Continue ReadingFinal Clash of the Monmouth Rebellion
The Battle of Sedgemoor marked the final confrontation between the forces of King James II and those loyal to James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, in the Monmouth Rebellion. Fought in Somerset, England, it was a decisive victory for King James II's troops, effectively ending Monmouth's attempt to dethrone the king. This battle, featuring a significant use of cavalry and infantry tactics, is remembered for its brutal aftermath, leading to severe reprisals against the rebels. The rebellion arose from tensions surrounding royal authority and succession, culminating in this significant military engagement.
Continue ReadingVenetians Capture Coron After Prolonged Siege
Coron, a key strategic stronghold in the Morean War, fell to the Venetian forces after a grueling 49-day siege. The defenders faced overwhelming odds as Venetian troops, previously engaged in the wider context of the conflict, systematically breached the fortifications. The siege concluded with the surrender of the garrison, leading to a brutal massacre of the captured soldiers. This marked a significant turn in the Morean War as it demonstrated Venetian military prowess in the face of Ottoman resistance.
Continue ReadingBorn in 1685 (View all 20)
Charles Talbot
Served as Lord Chancellor of Great Britain from 1733 until death in 1737. Had a significant legal career and remarked for contributions to legal reform. Played a crucial role in important legal proceedings and legislative developments during tenure.
Continue ReadingJonas Alströmer
Born in Sweden in 1685, Alströmer was an agronomist and businessman who significantly contributed to the advancement of agriculture in Sweden. He introduced various new agricultural products and methods to improve farming practices. Alströmer played a role in establishing improved potato cultivation and promoted other crops that were beneficial to the Swedish ecosystem and economy. His work also included enhancing the marketing and distribution of agricultural goods, helping to modernize the farming sector. Alströmer's influence extended to mentoring future agricultural experts and participating in the establishment of improvements in agricultural science.
Continue ReadingTiberius Hemsterhuis
Born in the Netherlands, significant contributions were made to the fields of philology and criticism. Focused on the study of ancient Greek and Latin languages, work included the editing and translation of classical texts. A prominent academic figure in the 18th century, promoted the investigation of classical antiquity and stressed the importance of linguistic precision. Influenced contemporary thought through teaching and scholarly publications.
Continue ReadingCharles-Jean-François Hénault
Born in 1685, a prominent French historian and author contributed significantly to the understanding of French history. Authored influential texts that provided a detailed analysis of French royal history and governance. His most notable work, 'Chronologie de l’histoire de France', served as a comprehensive outline of events shaping France across centuries, blending narrative and critical analysis. His academic pursuits set a foundation for future historical discourse in France.
Continue ReadingGeorge Frideric Handel
Born in Germany, Handel became a prominent composer who settled in England. His work encompassed various musical forms, including operas, oratorios, and instrumental compositions. Handel's most acclaimed piece, the oratorio Messiah, premiered in 1742 and has since become a cornerstone of classical choral music. His contributions to the development of English opera were notable, with productions such as Rinaldo and Giulio Cesare. Handel's Water Music suite, originally performed on the Thames River for King George I in 1717, remains popular in concert repertoire. Handel's influence extended beyond his lifetime, significantly shaping the evolution of Western classical music.
Continue ReadingGeorge Berkeley
Contributed significantly to early modern philosophy, advocating for immaterialism, which asserted that objects only exist as perceptions. Authored 'A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge', challenging the materialism prevalent in his era. Engaged in debates with prominent thinkers such as John Locke and David Hume, emphasizing the role of the perceiver in the existence of objects. Also served as the Bishop of Cloyne, emphasizing the relationship between philosophy and theology.
Continue ReadingPeople Who Died in 1685 (View all 18)
Archibald Campbell
Born in 1629, a Scottish peer served as the 9th Earl of Argyll. Engaged in the political and military conflicts during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, he played a significant role in the Scottish Covenanters' struggle against royal authority. Initially siding with the Parliamentarians, eventually changed allegiance and supported the King. Was involved in key battles and governance during a tumultuous time in Scottish history. Was captured and executed in 1661 following conflicts related to his loyalty shifts and political maneuvers.
Continue ReadingCharles II of England
Ascended to the throne as King of England, Ireland, and Scotland in 1660 following the English Civil War and the period of Commonwealth. His reign, known as the Restoration, marked the return of the monarchy after the rule of Oliver Cromwell. Established the Church of England as state religion and promoted arts and sciences, leading to a cultural flourishing. His court became a center of culture, attracting numerous artists and intellectuals.
Continue ReadingCharles Howard
Charles Howard served as the 1st Earl of Carlisle and held significant political and military positions in England during the 17th century. He was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Cumberland, overseeing military and administrative duties in the region. Engaging in several military campaigns, he contributed to the defense and governance of the area. Howard's political influence extended to the royal court, aligning with the interests of the monarchy and managing local affairs.
Continue ReadingEmperor Go-Sai of Japan
Ruled as the 110th Emperor of Japan from 1654 until death in 1685. His reign was characterized by the consolidation of power and the continuation of the Tokugawa shogunate. Associated with cultural developments, including the promotion of traditional arts and literature. The period saw urban growth in Edo, now Tokyo, and increased international relations, especially with the Dutch. The emperor's efforts in state affairs contributed to the stability of Japan during a transformative era.
Continue ReadingBajo Pivljanin
Served as a prominent military leader in the late 17th century. Pivljanin was involved in the defense of the Habsburg Monarchy against Ottoman incursions. Commanded troops during various campaigns in the Balkans, gaining recognition for strategic military engagements and leadership. His efforts contributed to the regional power struggles of the time, particularly in the context of the Great Turkish War.
Continue ReadingHenry Bennet
1st Earl of Arlington served as Secretary of State for the Southern Department during the reign of Charles II. Played a significant role in restoring the monarchy after the English Civil War. Managed various diplomatic affairs and represented English interests in international matters. Engaged in the secret negotiations that eventually led to the Treaty of Dover in 1670, solidifying the alliance between England and France. His tenure was marked by involvement in colonial policies and support for the establishment of the Royal African Company.
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