Born in 1712
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A prominent figure of the Enlightenment, contributed to political philosophy, education, and literature. His seminal work, 'The Social Contract', outlined ideas on individual freedom and government legitimacy. Explored themes of natural human goodness and societal corruption in 'Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men'. Authored 'Emile, or On Education', which discussed innovative approaches to education. Rousseau's influence extended beyond philosophy into music and literature, engaging with various disciplines.
Continue ReadingWilliam Shippen
A prominent American physician and politician, for several years served as a member of the Continental Congress. Played a crucial role in advancing medical education in America, co-founding the first medical school in the colonies, now known as the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. Contributed to the development of military medicine during the American Revolutionary War, serving as a director of hospitals and advancing medical practices for army troops.
Continue ReadingFrancesco Guardi
Active during the 18th century, this painter specialized in capriccios, and vedutas, focusing on the Venetian landscape. His work captured the vibrancy and architectural beauty of Venice, contributing significantly to the development of the landscape genre. As a teacher, he influenced future generations of artists. Although associated with the Rococo style, his compositions reflect a unique interpretation that merged realism with artistry. His later works evolved towards a more impressionistic style, demonstrating an innovative approach to color and light.
Continue ReadingGeorge Grenville
A lawyer and politician, served as Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1763 to 1765. Implemented various legislative measures during tenure, which included the Stamp Act of 1765 aimed at raising revenue from the American colonies. This act led to significant public outcry and resistance among colonists, contributing to growing tensions that preceded the American Revolution. Prior to premiership, held various governmental roles, including First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer. His policies and governance style shaped the political landscape of mid-18th century Britain.
Continue ReadingJames Steuart
Born in Scotland in 1712, this economist contributed significantly to economic theory through his writings. His major work, 'An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy', published in 1767, explored concepts of trade, production, and market dynamics. The economist emphasized the role of government in economic matters and argued for the importance of effective fiscal policies. The work offered insights that would influence future economic thought and paved the way for discussions regarding the balance of commerce and social welfare. His ideas contributed to the evolution of economic theory during the 18th century.
Continue ReadingGiovanni Pietro Francesco Agius de Soldanis
Pioneered the study of Maltese language and history. Contributed to the understanding of Maltese cultural heritage through scholarly writings. Served as a cleric, engaging in the education and religious life of Malta. His works include significant grammatical studies and historical accounts, influencing subsequent generations in the study of linguistics and history in Malta.
Continue ReadingCharles-Michel de l'Épée
An influential figure in the education of the deaf, developed the first systematic methods for teaching deaf individuals. Established a school for the deaf in Paris, which laid the foundation for future educational practices in the field. Promoted the use of sign language as a means of communication and education for the deaf community. His work contributed to a better understanding of deafness and sign languages in France and beyond.
Continue ReadingFrancesco Algarotti
Born in 1712, a prominent Italian poet, philosopher, and critic made significant contributions to literature and enlightenment thought. Algarotti gained recognition for works that bridged science and philosophy, emphasizing the importance of empirical observation. His literary style blended poetic elegance with philosophical inquiry, influencing subsequent thinkers. Notably, Algarotti wrote 'Newtonianism for Ladies,' which popularized Newtonian physics among the educated elite, making complex scientific ideas accessible. His engagements with leading intellectuals of the Enlightenment further established his reputation as a thinker who fostered dialogue between rational thought and the arts.
Continue ReadingPrince Charles Alexander of Lorraine
A military leader and governor served the Austrian Empire during the 18th century. Participated in various military campaigns including the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War. Held the title of Duke of Lorraine and played a significant role in military strategies of his time. Governed the Austrian Netherlands and was an important noble figure in the region, contributing to both military and administrative affairs until death in 1780.
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