People Who Died in 1691
George Fox
An English religious leader founded the Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as Quakers. This group emerged in the 17th century during the English Civil War, advocating for simplicity, equality, and inner spirituality. The leader traveled extensively across England and later to North America to promote the Quaker beliefs. Writings included significant works on faith and spirituality that influenced many followers. The leader faced persecution for beliefs, enduring imprisonment and harsh treatment at various times. Despite this, the movement grew and established several societies that continue to exist today.
Continue ReadingPope Alexander VIII
Served as the Pope from 1689 until death in 1691. Oversaw the Catholic Church during a period marked by internal reform and external challenges. Addressed issues of clerical reform and church-state relations. Navigated complex political landscapes involving France, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire. Worked to strengthen the authority of the papacy and mitigate the influence of rivals. Initiated construction projects in Rome, enhancing the city’s architectural heritage.
Continue ReadingJean Petitot
Active during the 17th century, this painter specialized in creating detailed miniature portraits. Apprenticed in Geneva, he later moved to England, where he gained recognition for his skill. The artist worked for notable patrons, including members of the royal family and nobility. His miniatures often displayed intricate detail and vivid colors, capturing the likenesses of his sitters with remarkable precision. The artist's work contributed to the popularization of this art form during his lifetime.
Continue ReadingCarlo Rainaldi
An Italian architect recognized for contributions to Baroque architecture. Designed the churches of Santa Maria dei Miracoli and Santa Maria in Montesanto located in Rome. Played a significant role in the development of the architectural style prevalent in the 17th century. His work reflected harmony and elegance, characteristic of the era's architecture.
Continue ReadingJacob Leisler
A German-American politician who served as the 8th Colonial Governor of New York from 1689 to 1691. Leisler led a rebellion against the government of the former Governor, and after ousting the British authorities, he assumed control of the colony. His administration was marked by conflicts with the English establishment and opposition from the local elite. Following the arrival of a new governor appointed by the Crown, Leisler was arrested, tried, and executed for treason. The events of his governance highlighted the political turbulence within the colony during the late 17th century.
Continue ReadingAdrien Auzout
Contributed to the field of astronomy and instrument making during the 17th century. Developed various astronomical instruments, including telescopes. Published works that addressed celestial mechanics and the science of optics. Participated in discussions on the nature of the universe and promoted observational astronomy.
Continue ReadingCornelis Tromp
Born in 1629, served as a prominent general in the Dutch Navy during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. Played a crucial role in various naval battles, including the Battle of Scheveningen in 1653, where his leadership contributed to the Dutch fleet's victory. Held significant command positions and was involved in notable military campaigns along the European coasts. His military strategies and naval tactics were instrumental in enhancing the effectiveness of the Dutch naval forces during this period.
Continue ReadingFrançois-Michel le Tellier
Served as Secretary of State for War under Louis XIV. Played a significant role in reorganizing the French military in the late 17th century. Implemented reforms that improved the effectiveness and efficiency of the army. Oversaw military campaigns during the Franco-Dutch War and the Nine Years' War, strengthening France's military power during this period.
Continue ReadingDaniel Georg Morhof
A prominent German scholar and academic, contributions focused on the fields of literature, education, and linguistics. Worked at the University of Kiel and authored significant texts on education and Latin studies. The bibliography includes an influential work titled 'Polyhistor', which examined various academic disciplines and emphasized the importance of a comprehensive education. Held a professorship, influencing the curriculum and academic standards of his time.
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